Blood group genotyping facilitates transfusion of b-thalassemia patients. Transient increase in circulating donor leucocytes after allogeneic transfusions in Immunocompetent recipients compatible with donor cell proliferation. Detection of circulating donor white blood cells in patients receiving multiple transfusions. Long-term multi-lineage chimerism of donor leucocytes in transfused trauma patients. Disruption of a GATA motif in the Duffy gene promoter abolishes erythroid gene expression in Duffy-negative individuals.
Nature Genet ; Transfusion ; 37 S Sa. Blood group genotyping for the management of patients with "warm" induced hemolytic anemia. Transfusion Clinique and Biologique ; 8 S :S Insights into the structure and function of membrane polypeptides carrying blood group antigens. Vox Sang ; 74 Suppl 2 Huang CH. Molecular insights into the Rh protein family and associated antigens.
MNSs blood groups and major glycophorins: molecular basis for allelic variation. Molecular basis of major human blood group antigens. New York: Plenum Press ; DNA analysis for the Dombrock polymorphism. Polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers-based genotyping of the human Dombrock blood group DO1 and DO2 alleles and the DO gene frequencies in Chinese blood donors. Vox Sang Transfusion ; 41 S :SP Genomic analysis of clinical samples with serologic ABO blood grouping discrepancies: identification of 15 novel A and B subgroup alleles.
Molecular basis of weak D phenotypes. Braz J Med Biol Res ; Prenatal determination of fetal blood group status. Vox Sang ; Prediction of fetal D status from maternal plasma: introduction of a new noninvasive fetal RhD genotyping service.
Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum. Rapid clearance of fetal DNA from maternal plasma. AM J Hum Genet ; Presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum. Lancet ; Quantitative analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis.
Am J Hum Genet ; J Soc Gynecol Invest ; Prenatal diagnosis of fetal RhD status by molecular analysis of maternal plasma. Detection of fetal RHD-specific sequences in maternal plasma. Prenatal determination of fetal RHD by molecular analysis of maternal plasma abstract. Transfus Clin Biol ; 8 Suppl 1 S. The molecular basis of Rh blood group phenotypes review. Immunohematology ; The presence of an RHD pseudogene containing a base pair duplication and a nonsense mutation in Africans with the Rh D-negative blood group phenotype.
Blood Jan 1; 95 1 RHD positive haplotypes in D negative Europeans. BMC Genetics ; It should be apparent from this discussion that blood type is not a very good test for paternity. In some cases, unambigous information can be obtained, i. However in most cases, the results are uncertain.
If determining the paternity of a child is important, there are very sensitive DNA test currently available that can establish paternity to a certainty in excess of Elsewhere in the Biology Project is an excercise to follow the inheritance of DNA markers in a paternity study.
ABO Blood Groups: Predicting the Blood Type of Your Children Introduction The Human Genetics Tutorial with problem solving exercises concerning the inheritance of the ABO blood group alleles has resulted in a steady stream on inquiries to the Biology Project from mothers, grandmothers, and children inquiring about the possible blood type of the father of a given child. Here is a typical inquiry: I have been reading your info about inheritance of blood types and I am getting very confused!
We can't find anything that explains how this can be. Could you please help??? How are blood types related to the six genotypes? The specific combination of these four components determines an individual's type in most cases. The table below shows the possible permutations of antigens and antibodies with the corresponding ABO type "yes" indicates the presence of a component and "no" indicates its absence in the blood of an individual.
For example, people with type A blood will have the A antigen on the surface of their red cells as shown in the table below. As a result, anti-A antibodies will not be produced by them because they would cause the destruction of their own blood.
However, if B type blood is injected into their systems, anti-B antibodies in their plasma will recognize it as alien and burst or agglutinate the introduced red cells in order to cleanse the blood of alien protein. Individuals with type O blood do not produce ABO antigens. Therefore, their blood normally will not be rejected when it is given to others with different ABO types.
As a result, type O people are universal donors for transfusions, but they can receive only type O blood themselves. Their blood does not discriminate against any other ABO type. Consequently, they are universal receivers for transfusions, but their blood will be agglutinated when given to people with every other type because they produce both kinds of antigens.
It is easy and inexpensive to determine an individual's ABO type from a few drops of blood. A serum containing anti-A antibodies is mixed with some of the blood.
Another serum with anti-B antibodies is mixed with the remaining sample. Whether or not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the ABO type. It is a simple process of elimination of the possibilities. For instance, if an individual's blood sample is agglutinated by the anti-A antibody, but not the anti-B antibody, it means that the A antigen is present but not the B antigen. Therefore, the blood type is A. Genetic Inheritance Patterns. A phenotype distribution of The most frequently observed allele was O02 Furthermore, our findings are discussed in reference to ABO allele and genotype frequencies found in other ethnic groups.
The study has a significant implication on the management of blood bank and transfusion services in Saudi Arabian patients. The ABO gene, which is located on chromosome 9, has seven exons and is over 18 kilobases kb in length.
These alleles have minor differences in their genomic sequences, and most have emerged because of hybrid alleles, base insertions, deletions, or substitutions, or by splice site mutations [ 2 , 3 ]. Furthermore, the frequencies of these alleles differ among different populations and ethnicities. Each phenotype can be distinguished serologically using anti-A and anti-B antisera generated by polyclonal or monoclonal techniques.
These serological tests are important for matching the blood groups of acceptors and donors and not only enable the determination of additional subgroups, but also facilitate differentiation between weak A and B antigens [ 11 , 12 ].
From an application perspective, allele and genotype studies of ABO are of primary importance in paternal discrepancy, forensics, organ transplantation, and population studies [ 11 ]. A number of strategies based on polymerase chain reaction PCR have been developed for ABO genotyping including restriction fragment-length polymorphism RFLP analysis and allele-specific PCR [ 13 ], single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis [ 14 ], amplified product length polymorphism APLP , and sequencing [ 15 ].
To date, there has been no study in the western region of Saudi Arabia using these more current genotyping approaches. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate the frequency and distribution of ABO phenotypes and their alleles using specific primers by multiplex PCR.
Peripheral blood was obtained with informed consent from participants. The method followed the procedure used by Muro et al. Primers used for PCR are listed in Table 1. The genotyping approach for this study was used previously in several studies [ 17 , 18 ]. Four separate PCR reactions were performed using different sets of primers in each sample.
Out of 21 possible ABO genotypes, 10 genotypes were observed in our study group Table 2. Primers used to amplify the six alleles of ABO are shown in Table 1. The frequency distributions of ABO phenotypes, genotypes, and alleles are summarized in Table 2 and Table 3. We found that O02 was the most abundant allele in our study cohort accounting for The frequencies of the B and O01 alleles were We found that our western Saudi population had an increased frequency of the O02 allele compare to the O01 allele.
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