Print this chapter. Lesson 5 - Theories of Learning View. Objectivism and Behaviourism 6. The Objectivist Epistemology Objectivists believe that there exists an objective and reliable set of facts, principles, and theories that either has been discovered and delineated or will be over the course of time.
Jump to Teaching in a Digital Age. Course Introduction - Teaching in a Digital Age. Lesson 1 - Skills Needed in a Digital Age. Lesson 2 - Online Learning and Teaching Methods. Humans are perceivers and interpreters who construct their own reality through engaging in those mental activities What the mind produces are mental models that explain to the knower what he or she has perceived We all conceive of the external reality somewhat differently, based on our unique set of experiences with the world and our beliefs about them.
Bednar, et al elaborates further. The learner is building an internal representation of knowledge, a personal interpretation of experience. This representation is constantly open to change, its structure and linkages forming the foundation to which other knowledge structures are appended. Learning is an active process in which meaning is developed on the basis of experience Conceptual growth comes from the sharing of multiple perspectives and simultaneous changing of our internal representations in response to those perspectives as well as through cumulative experience.
Consistent with this view of knowledge, learning must be situated in a rich context, reflective of real world contexts, for this constructive process to occur and transfer to environments beyond the school p.
These are often portrayed as mutually exclusive Marra and Jonassen, , but Reeves Reeves, has pointed out that there is a continuum between objectivism and constructivism. Instructional analysis procedures can be used to analyze the information requirements and conditional structures of performance. Thus, declarative or verbal information required for complex conceptual knowledge is identified, isolated, and taught in an appropriate sequence.
A teacher operating from a primarily objectivist view is more likely to believe that a course must present a body of knowledge to be learned. This may consist of facts, formulas, terminology, principles, theories and the like.
The effective transmission of this body of knowledge becomes of central importance. Lectures and textbooks must be authoritative, informative, organized, and clear. Original or creative thinking must still operate within the standards of an objectivist approach — in other words, new knowledge development must meet the rigorous standards of empirical testing within agreed theoretical frameworks.
Although initially developed in the s, behaviourism still dominates approaches to teaching and learning in many places, particularly in the USA.
Behaviourist psychology is an attempt to model the study of human behaviour on the methods of the physical sciences, and therefore concentrates attention on those aspects of behaviour that are capable of direct observation and measurement.
At the heart of behaviourism is the idea that certain behavioural responses become associated in a mechanistic and invariant way with specific stimuli. Thus a certain stimulus will evoke a particular response. At its simplest, it may be a purely physiological reflex action, like the contraction of an iris in the eye when stimulated by bright light.
However, most human behaviour is more complex. Nevertheless behaviourists have demonstrated in labs that it is possible to reinforce through reward or punishment the association between any particular stimulus or event and a particular behavioural response.
The bond formed between a stimulus and response will depend on the existence of an appropriate means of reinforcement at the time of association between stimulus and response.
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