The rhizome transplant method was found to be both expensive and unreliable. The term bamboo encompasses over different species. These are mostly found in tropical and subtropical regions, but also extend to temperate regions. They are native to all continents, with the exception of Europe though research suggests that they would grow well, particularly in the Mediterranean regions and are present in a great diversity of size and shapes.
The areas with the greatest diversity are Asia and and South America. Tropical species can produce poles, or culms, up to 20 metres high, and can have a diametre of more than 15 centimetres. Not all bamboo species have this height, but most grow vigorously. Once the culms have reached their maximum height, sometimes in as short a period as eight weeks, it does not increase in height or girth in the later years, hence the bulk of biomass is produced in this short and explosive period of growth.
This growth is seasonal and is closely linked to water availability. Irrigated bamboo is seldom found, nor does it seem necessary when yields of more than 20 dry tonnes per hectare can be achieved with relatively little effort and minimal input. The plants tend to prefer light, sandy soil with low salt content. Yields are the key to the success of energy farming and they are inseparably related to management.
It is then that the potential of bamboo to outperform other plants starts to emerge. Though it was believed that felling of bamboo stands was causing severe damage, tests have shown that felling of culms leads to vigorous regrowth, which means an increase in the amount of biomass the next year. What is more is that it helps avoid some of the diseases, to which neglected stands of bamboo are prone. Tests in India have shown that application of fertiliser leads to a three-fold increase in the biomass yield.
On this basis, yields of 80 dry tonnes per hectare per year, for example, will greatly exceed the upper accepted yields of around 20 dry tonnes per hectare per year for commercial eucalyptus plantations. Though more work is needed in these areas, there is more data to justify the enthusiasm for bamboo as a biomass producer than is commonly realised.
How well does the bamboo burn? Significant academic research has shown that bamboo can be a viable raw material for biomass energy production. Like a conventional power plant, the idea is to create heat which can be used to turn turbines. Usually the heat boils water and creates steam which will turn the blades of a turbine. As the turbines spin, energy is generated. The bamboo fueled power plant in Japan operates in this manner.
They also burn bamboo to heat oil which evaporates and turns the turbines in the same way. Initially, however, the power plant operators and engineers in Nankan were running into difficulties.
When they began experimenting with bamboo for combustion, they found that it burned at too high a temperature. This caused the ash to harden and melt and muck up the equipment. The solution was to add other material, like cedar wood, which lowered the temperature of combustion and stopped the ash from melting. So the plant did not become fully operational until August And now they are working to make it more efficient as a source of both heat and electricity for the local community.
By , the power plant expects to be incinerating about 8, metric tons of bamboo a year. In addition to fueling a power plant, researchers are also studying the using of bamboo biomass fuel for running cars. Corn has been the primary source for this cellulosic ethanol , but relying on food crops for fuel has drawbacks. Most people agree that corn, cassava and other food cops can be put to better use by feeding people. The study of non-food biomass for fuel has expanded in recent years.
Trees and bamboo, for example, require far less fertilizer and attention to grow. But breaking these plants down into cellulose can be difficult, involving a long and costly fermentation process. Currently the cost of nitrogen-hungry enzymes that break non-food crops like bamboo into sugar and cellulose seems to outweigh the benefits. Bot Stud. Estimating biomass production and carbon storage for a fast-growing makino bamboo Phyllostachys makinoi plant based on the diameter distribution model.
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Anal Chem. Download references. SGW also wrote and revised the manuscript. HJB coordinated the study, contributed to the analysis of the results and to revisions of the manuscript.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Hyeun-Jong Bae. Reprints and Permissions. Wi, S. Evaluation of biomass quality in short-rotation bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens for bioenergy products.
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Abstract Background In order to improve the availability of biomass, the concept of growing high yield biomass with short rotations and intensive culture has been introduced. Results Bamboo of two different ages showed characteristics patterns of morphology, chemical composition, and bioconversion. Conclusion Our data show that the production of total sugar from raw material was high in young bamboo with low lignin content.
Background As a consequence of increased energy demand and global warming, sustainability and green growth are considered key concepts for public and industrial growth. Results and discussion Biomass productivity The productivity of bamboo was assessed on the basis of the fresh and dry weight. Full size image.
Table 1 Compositional analysis of 2-month-old and 3-year-old bamboo Full size table. Table 2 The content of monomeric carbohydrate and lignin from extractive-free biomass of 2-month-old and 3-year-old bamboo Full size table.
Table 3 Effect of hydrogen peroxide—acetic acid pretreatment on 2-month-old and 3-year-old bamboo Full size table. Conclusions Bamboo is considered a grass biomass material that has great potential as a future bioresource for biorefining.
Methods Biomass and pretreatment In this study, we used bamboos Phyllostachys pubescens of age 2 months and 3 years, grown at the campus of Chonnam National University in Gwangju, South Korea. Chemical composition The chemical composition [Klason lignin T om , organic solvent extractives T om , and ash T om ] of raw and pretreated bamboo stem was analyzed in accordance with the TAPPI Standard Method [ 33 ].
Structural carbohydrates Structural carbohydrate of samples was analyzed using gas chromatography [ 6 , 34 ]. Lignin monomers The lignin monomers were determined by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation [ 35 ]. Enzyme assays and enzymatic hydrolysis Cellulase Celluclast 1. References 1. Article Google Scholar 2. Article Google Scholar 3. Article Google Scholar 8. Article Google Scholar Google Scholar Article Google Scholar Download references.
Acknowledgements Not applicable.
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